r an environment has clarity with respect to goals, tasks, interest,s talents, rewards, etc., the person or environment may be said to have a stable identity.
(4) Congruence. To the extent that a person's personality type and the environmental type are the same, there is congruence between the individual's needs and the rewards supplied by the environment.
(5) Calculus. A single geographic model can be used to explain all relationships within and between personality types or environments.
From the foregoing assumptions and sub-assumptions, Holland derives a set of several conceptual principles. These can be delineated as follows: (a) Vocational interests and choices arise from personality type; (b) An assessment of a person's occupational interests is also an assessment of his or her personality type; (c) There are valid vocational stereotypes, e.g. the stereotype that actors are self-centered, that scientists have social difficulties, etc.; (d) Those who choose a particular vocation are similar in personality and in developmental background; (e) The similarities between personalities in a given occupation effects similarities in their behavior that allows them to create a predictable and characteristic environment; and (f) Congruence creates vocational satisfaction and achievement.
In summary then, Holland's theory of career guidance explains vocational and occupational behavior using the concept of personality which is applied to both people and to the environment. The theory uses a set of assumptions, sub-assumptions, and principles that explain the constructs of: vocational selection, workplace environment, vocational satisfaction, and occupational achievement.
Application of Holland's Theory To Guidance Situations
There have been a number of studies which have utilized Holland's theory of career guidance in their investigations of a variety of guidance situations. For example, Lenz, Reardon and Samp...