the French Revolution spread throughout Europe, and the goal of self-determination that had been at the root of that event took root in Holland, Germany, Italy, and Austria and affected not only nations but also individuals. Heightened sensibility was now a convention in literature, and intensified feeling became characteristic of the visual and musical arts. This tendency toward images of impassioned or poignant feeling lasted until about the middle of the century and cut across all national boundaries. Romanticism was the term applied to this movement of writers, musicians, painters, and sculptors away from rationalism toward the more subjective side of human experience, and feeling was then the subject and object of art (Cole and Gealt 213-214).
In Germany, science was formed as a scientific philosophy grounded in works such as Kant's Critique of Pure Reason or his Metaphysics of Natural Science, but the movement would quickly develop into something Kant would not recognize as his own (Pur
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