EU Ban on U.S. Beef

The European Union adopted and implemented a policy that prohibits the introduction into members states of the European Union beef, beef products, or dairy products wherein the cattle have been treated with bovine growth hormone (bGH). This policy was not directed specifically at the United States. Rather, the policy applies to all countries desiring to export beef, beef products, or dairy products to the European Union (Mueller, 1996).

Brazil, a country whose farmers use bGH in raising beef cattle and in producing dairy products, agreed to export to the European Union only beef, beef products, and dairy products wherein the cattle had not been treated with bGH. Further, Brazil agreed to certify that such products exported to the European Union were bGH-free. By contrast, the United States and Canada protested the right of the European Union to prohibit the export of bGH-treated beef, beef products, and dairy products to the European Union (Mueller, 1996).

When the European Union and the United States were unable to come to an agreement on the issue, the United States lodged an official complain with the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the grounds that the action by the European Union in relation to bGH-treated beef, beef products, and dairy products was an unfair trade practice that contravened the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on T

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rticularly human factors engineering), logistics related to the effective use of physical resources, and information science. Technology, thus, is the "conscious invention of ways of acting on the material world to meet our needs" (Levins, 1986, p. 12). Innovation, in an economic context, is the introduction of new products, or production processes. Innovation, thus, is technological change. Technological change may involve improvements to non-human resources or new knowledge about how to combine resources (Ekelund & Hebert, 1996). Technology is one of the means by which productivity may be increased within an economy, an industry, or an organization. The introduction of new technology into industries tends to lower production costs in those industries, over the long-term. Technology, thus, is indispensable with respect to growth. With respect to natural resource requirements, it is said that society is "engaged in a race between technology and the exponentially rising demand for raw materials" (Heilbronner & Thurow, 1995, p. 19). With respect to most firms, an essential resource is human capital. Advances in technology enable organizations to utilize available human capital in more productive ways. Technology assists o
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Approximate Word count = 3992
Approximate Pages = 16 (250 words per page)

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