f performance objectives that are compatible with organizational goals. Thus, participative management, by its very nature, requires very different leadership styles from those associated with the authoritarian style. Before the emergence of the participative management concept, the principles of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor (1911) dictated against any consultation with one's organizational subordinates. Later, in the 1930s, studies by Elton Mayo led to the discovery of what was termed the Hawthorne Effect, which led to the development of the human relations approach to management. The human relations approach postulates that treating employees less as if they are automatons will lead to improved productivity (Abrahamson, 1997). Scientific management and the human relations approach continue to provide
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