Cowan (1993) dealing with activated memory as a subset of short-term memory which is a subset of long-term memory, or all the memory that a person possesses. In other words, it is all the same memory system, but only a certain part of our memories may be receiving attention at the moment. Finally, a model of working memory was developed by Baddeley (1986),which involved several important components, including an articulatory rehearsal loop and a visual-spatial scratch pad which are different methods for learning and maintaining information. The third component is the executive system which decides upon functions and uses the first two components as servers, or slave systems.
Fundamentally, though, even though the distinctions between short-term memory and long-term memory remain, as Kellogg (1995) noted, the movement has been toward a process perspective involving multiple memory systems, although with great controversy remaining about which and how many multiple long-term systems exist. There is a major distinction made between declarative memory, or the memory related to information about events and concepts, and procedural memory, which is about how to do things. In summing up, Kellogg noted that much of the support for multiple systems of long-term memory result from memory tests, while the argument against multiple systems disputes the meaning of those memory tests and postulates a different explanation. Thus, it would not be necessary to hypothesize separate memory systems, with a unitary long-term memory system sufficient.
Tulving said that one of the most important things to consider in thinking about memory is the rememberer (Schachter, 1996). For the rememberer, the memory is a representation of an original event, and a relatively true memory of that event. It is a way for the individual to call up the past and relive it.
This is relevant in thinking about each of the topics in this section. For example, ...