Nutritional Compliance & Hemodialysis

The United States Renal Data System (USRDS)(2001) reports that End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), known as chronic kidney failure is a major health problem affecting 300,000 Americans, a number that increases around 7 percent per year. Costs estimated by the Centers for Disease Control, in 1994, were estimated to be $11 billion in the US. ESRD can be treated by hemodialysis. The success or failure of hemodialysis for treatment of kidney failure is dependent on factors, which include patient compliance. Nutritional compliance has been shown to affect hemodialysis outcomes and support is considered to be a mediating factor in nutritional compliance. Studies have shown that vitamins and minerals are important for hemodialysis patients, glycemic control is a predictor of survival for diabetic hemodialysis patients, and protein-energy malnutrition is found in hemodialysis maintenance patients. Studies regarding nutritional compliance are limited (Elfert & drees, 1999; Kopple, 1999; Oka, Chaboyer, & Molzahn, 1999; Morioka, Emoto, Tabata, & Shoji, 2001). Oka et al. reported that although their study did support this relationship, methodological flaws may have limited results and more studies are needed to examine the roles of nutritional compliance and support, in the success of hemodialysis for kidney failure.

Several factors have been noted to affect the succ

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ated with vitamin D. The effective removal of urea is associated with lower risk of death. The quantity of urea that is removed related to body load, is an indication of adequate or inadequate hamodialysis. Since patients tend to prefer short dialysis sessions, under-dialysis is found. Short dialysis must be compensated with high blood-flow rates and a large dialysis surface area, which can be tolerated by some fit patients. However, for others it results in symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, and nausea (Mallick & Gokal, 1999). Successful hemodialysis results in the restoration of protein anabolism, appetite, and well-being; patients have survived over 20 years. For those who fare less well, causes of this failure are examined. Infection and complications do to coexisting illness are a hazard; infection is one of the main causes of hospital admission and death (12 percent of all hemodialysis deaths in the US) and cardiovascular problems are prevalent. Death rates are higher for white patients than for African-Americans, but these findings remain unexplained. Inadequate dialysis results in persisting uraemic states with symptoms that result in malnourished patients who also have higher blood pressure. Under-dialysis and maln
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 3435
Approximate Pages = 14 (250 words per page)

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