ly distributed across all producers or all listeners. Epistemologically, it is assumed that gestures cue both abstract and concrete word types, but there is a greater advantage for concrete words because of the imagery of the gesture cue (Frick-Horbury, 2002).
To answer this question, an experimental procedure involving a group of undergraduates could be conducted. A selection of target words based on imagery, concreteness, and meaningfulness ratings would be paired with gestures likely to emphasize or clarify the word and its content. Both abstract and concrete words would be matched to gestures. Subjects would function as either listeners or producers in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The dependent variables will be the number of total words recalled and the number of abstract and concrete words recalled with the independent variable being the addition or absence of hand gestures. The study replicates that of Frick-Horbury, 2002).
What differences in body language can be associated with status differences? This research question focuses upon the ontological assumption that people who differ in social status behave differently from one another and the epistemological assumption tha
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