Non-Reductive Materialism

John Searle (277) states that "mental phenomena are caused by neurophysiological processes in the brain and are themselves features of the brain." This represents the fundamental basis of a nonreductive materialism in which a natural phenomena is identified by Searle (279) as linking the mental and the physical realm in nature and positing that the mental and the physical are the same in kind, therefore rejecting Cartesian dualism and positing a unity between the physical and the mental.

This particular view is affirmed in part by J.J. Smart (20-21) who maintains that a lack of awareness in consciousness of our experiences as physical or neurological processes leads us to think that we are aware of them as nonphysical. In other words, knowledge of the neural and neutral properties of physical processes gained through science, observation, and new technologies invariably leads to the belief that it is ultimately impossible to differentiate between two different substan

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n properties and events with respect to whether or not they are physical or mental. Rejecting hard materialism as well as soft materialism, Swinburne (315) rejects hard dualism in which it is assumed that the soul has a necessary morality and that if the soul is separated from the body it will continue to exist. Instead, Swinburne (315) advocates a wider position of soft dualism in which during normal earthly life, the soul is dependent for its functioning (understood as having a mental life) on the functioning of the body. When the body ceases to function the soul does, too. This approach to dualism stands against nonreductive materialism and appears to mitigate against Kim's (257) rejection of any retrogression to Cartesian interactionist dualism. Another voice, that of Willard (45), argues that noetic unity presupposes logical relations and a pattern of simultaneous and successive awareness that intercommunicates across a wide range of mental states, acts, and their objects. Knowing and knowledge as noetic entities encompass all mental state types and acts whereas knowledge is something that must be possessed and ultimately acquired. This analyst asserts that by inference, nonreductive materialism has numerous problem
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