ing (p. 127). Hazards are watched for during this phase, such as underestimating ambivalence, over prescription, and insufficient direction (pp. 128-9). Recapitulation or summarizing the client's current situation is the manner in which Phase 2 is initiated. This is followed with negotiating a change plan and the final part of the phase, transition (from the initial motivational consultation to action-focused counseling if desired). While MI helps to motivate a client toward change, it is argued that the issue of undue influence or manipulation may raise ethical concerns. To further complicate this issue, there may be instances where the counselor differs in opinion or aspirations from the client and this bias is used to influence the client toward the counselor's goals.
Four general principles of MI include: express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self-efficacy. MI facilitates and enhances intrinsic motivation and reduces resistance with these principles. With MI
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