Abraham Maslow developed a more complete view of individual motivation, also based on needs, at approximately the same time that Murray and McClelland were formulating their views. According to Maslow, needs can be classified into a hierarchy, with the needs that are lower in the hierarchy being more essential to survival than higher order needs. Lower-order needs he termed deficiency needs and must be satisfied tonsure an individual's very existence and security. Higher-order needs, growth needs, are concerned with personal development and the realization of one's potential. The hierarchical ordering in terms of potency (prepotency) means that a deficiency in a lower-order need can supersede a higher-order need (DuBrin, 19
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