subcultures and that the culture and nationality of the individual must be considered when using the MMPI-2.
Cabiya, Lucio, Chavira, Castellanos, Gomez, and Velasquez (2000) further studied the validity of the Spanish translations of the MMPI-2, comparing Puerto Rican, Mexicans, and U.S. Latino college students. Latino descent individuals from Puerto Rico, Mexico, and the U.S. were given one of three Spanish translations and the mean scores were compared. Findings showed that all means were similar across all scales, with the differences falling within the one standard deviation band, except for the Masculinity-Femininity scale. The authors concluded that the findings demonstrated validity for the three versions with all groups.
Alternatively, Ampudia, Duran, and Lucio (2000) studied female adults in Mexico, aged 19 years to 80 years, and found elevated scores for Mexican females. The Spanish version of the MMPI-2 was used. Sociodemographic variables and personality traits were assessed. Findings showed higher scores on the lie, infrequency, paranoia, fears, obsession, low self-esteem, work difficulty, and treatment refusal scales were found. Th
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