ores, rather than actual degree of pathology (Hall, Bansal, & Lopez, 1999).
An early study by Johnson and Brems (1990) assessed the MMPI for racial bias with an inpatient psychiatric population. Profiles of 22 Black clients and 22 White clients, were compared. Findings showed that there were no statistically or clinically significant differences between the races. MMPI differences were concluded to be due to moderator variables rather than race.
In another early study by Cannon, Bell, Fowler, Penk, and Finkelstein (1990), MMPI differences between alcoholics and drug abusers, due to age and race, were determined. Typically there are differences between alcoholics and drug abusers, with alcoholics having higher levels of depression and drug abusers tending to be more psychopathic. Previous studies have shown that ethnic minority patients are more likely to be diagnosed as drug abusers, which may be due in part to
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