dealing with public administration recommended the establishment of a public service academy for midlevel civil servants (Select Committee on Public Administration, 2002, p. 9).
What, however, does actual examination indicate about differences between public and private management, and the presumed greater difficulties of the former? One study (Boyne, 2002) considered a variety of widely argued differences between public and private management. These differences can be distinguished as external differences, resulting from the environment in which public agencies operate, and internal differences, resulting from the structure of public agencies.
Four chief external differences are considered. The first is greater complexity of public management, due to the larger number of stakeholders. Private managers are answerable only to top management, embodying the firm's proprietors. Public managers must answer not only to their superiors, but to various pressure groups and public opinion at larg
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