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a son." (Shi, 1988, p. 65). The "wu lun," or five relationships, are ruler/subject, father/son, older brother/younger brother, husband/wife, and older friend/younger friend. From this Confucian tradition, one can understand easily why socially dominated groups remain less powerful than dominant groups. Similar relationships prevail among countries within a Confucian value structure.

Meanwhile in Japan a major reform of the country's institution occurred through the Meiji Restoration that began in 1868. The institutional reform and the subsequent industrialization in Japan were a

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