orenzen, 2001). Many of the librarians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries also functioned as professors, but the work of Azariah Root at Oberlin College initiated courses specifically focused on library organization, bibliographic resources, and the history of the book. Schools such as Georgetown University, the Catholic University of America, Vassar College, and Swarthmore College were early adopters of new modes of librarian education (Lorenzen, 2001).
An issue critical to U.S. library school development was the close association between library professional organizations and library education. In 1921 and 1923, Charles C. Williamson summarized the results of a landmark Carnegie Commission survey of library schools which established a number of principals still in practice today (Wilson & Hermanson,
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