Types of Learning

According to Haberman and Stevenson (1998), Ivan Pavlov, in his experiments with dogs, was one of the pioneers in the field of learning. Pavlov discovered a type of learning that has now come to be known as classical conditioning. This type of learning occurs when an organism (animal or human) comes to display a conditioned response (CR) to a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been paired with a biologically significant unconditioned stimulus (US) that evoked an unconditioned response (UR). An example of classical conditioning would be if a dog were given food every day and salivated as the food was brought in. If the food dish were then paired with a bell (the neutral stimulus), the dog would begin to salivate simply when hearing the bell regardless of whether the food was present.

Another type of learning is termed "operant conditioning." The notion of operant condition

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nses. FR = 1 would indicate that reinforcement is delivered after every response whereas FR = 5 would indicate the delivery of reinforcement after five responses. 2. Variable Ratio Reinforcement - Reinforcement is delivered after a variable number of responses. For example, VR - 5 would indicate that one reinforcement is delivered for every five responses while V-10 would indicate that one reinforcement is delivered after an average of ten responses (e.g., sometimes 9 responses, sometimes 12, and so forth with 10 as an average). 3. Fixed Interval Reinforcement - This reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after a fixed interval of time. Thus, designation FI-10 would indicate a reinforcement for each response that occurs after a period of ten seconds has passed while FI -15 would indicate one reinforcement for a response after waiting 15 seconds. 4. Variable Interval Reinforcement - In this schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a variable time interval. Thus, designation VI-10 would mean that reinforcement for each response averages about one every ten seconds Still another type of learning has come to be known as "observational learning." According to Kumpulainen and Wray (2001), observational learning occurs w
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