ility readiness. Machines, equipment, or facilities that either are not available or are not functional when work is scheduled are sources of waste in the production process. Readiness is a function of scheduling, maintenance, and supply.
4. Labor flexibility. A key element in lean production or the khan bhan production system is the flexibility to use workers for the performance of several tasks, as opposed to compartmentalizing all workers within a rigid framework of task-specific responsibilities. In the automobile manufacturing industry in the United States, labor flexibility is a central issue in the implementation of lean manufacturing because of the provisions of labor union contracts.
5. Outsourcing. Outsourcing refers to the acquisition of products or services from a source external to the organization. The automobile manufacturing industry frequently applies and outsourcing strategy to tasks that are ancillary to the production line. T
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