ome.
Skiba, Monroe, and Wodarski (2004) reported that youths in the U. S. continue to use large amounts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs even though rates have declined since the 1980s; around 500,000 people are affected by substance use and its negative consequences such as incarceration. Thus the effectiveness of treatment programs has become an issue. Shrum (2004) reported for those incarcerated, correctional practices that work must include treatment for addictions.
Within the managed care system, effective preventative behavioral health services are available to Americans enrolled; a review of 54 studies showed that these programs have been evaluated and have been shown to be effective at cost savings (Dorfman & Smith, 2002). Medicaid beneficiaries also report results of substance abuse treatment; managed care resulted in a shift from residential, correctional-only, and detoxification-only treatment to outpatient-only treatment and those enrolled had similar outcomes to t
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