Carl Jung & James Hillman

The term psychology comes from the ancient Greek: "psyche" means "soul" or "mind", and "ology" comes from "logos", which means "the study of" (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. Like all the social sciences, including sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, there is a long history of interest in the subject going back to antiquity, but it is only in the 19th century that the discipline as we know it emerged. The earliest instance of a man calling himself a "psychologist" was Wilhelm Wundt, who opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879.

All of the social sciences have difficulties with objectivity, quantification, and rigor stemming from the fact that their subject matter is human beings, a condition of course shared by the practitioners of these disciplines. There have been two major contradictory tendencies to this dilemma. The dominant mode of psychological research has adopted whole hog the scientific model of research, which produces endless studies conducted in the laboratory or by questionnaire, which are then subjected to sophisticated statistical analysis. The results of these quantified studies are often only restatements of the obvious, or the discovery of trivialities which leave behind the great mysteries of human psychology.

The other tendency, starting with the seminal work of the Viennese psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, has been to make pronouncements about psychic processes based on extensive case studies of the

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He considered spiritual growth and development to be the most important factor in maturation, and saw neurosis and other psychological problems as partly the result of inadequate spirituality, which he defined much more broadly than as merely pertaining to conventional organized religion. In her introduction to The Basic Writings of C.G. Jung (1989), Violet Staub de Laszlo describes his interlocking concepts with a clarity that is worth quoting at some length, because these ideas are not always easy to distinguish semantically and theoretically: "The life of the spirit, manifest in the psyche, must evolve in accordance with certain principles and forms, which in turn, must be related to other levels of human existence. If they were totally incommensurate or disassociated, life could not continue. To designate these principles and forms Jung has adopted the term archetypes. Rather than devote his time to the peculiarities of many individual life histories he was led to concentrate his energies upon the observation of the common matrix of psychic existence which he decided to designate as the collective unconscious. In this context the archetypes represent the basic forms and pathways in which our psychic existence is being enac

Category: Psychology - C