heir relationship to Islamic law in the Middle East.
El-Awa (1981), Sehacht (1964) and Levy (1969) discuss the two sources of Islamic law, the Qur'an and the Sunna of Prophet Muhammad, and cites these as the bases for the theory of punishment. Both contain basic rules and commands that are usually expressed in a broad manner and that are frequently capable of varying interpretations. Various theories of Islamic law have been formed, with many books written by the scholars of these different theories. In the classical conception, Islamic criminal law recognizes six major offenses, each of which has a penalty prescribed in fixed terms in the Qur'an or the Sunna, and these offenses are known as the offenses of hudud. The six offenses generally seen as offenses of hudud are the drinking of alcohol, theft, armed robbery, illicit sexual relations, slanderous accusation of unchastity, and apostasy. Aside from retaliation of qisas, which is the punishment for
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