between the philosophies of these two schools are marked by their strongly conflicting views on how the Islamic world can best reach social, political, and economic self sufficiency.
In fact, the differences between the two major economic theories are so diametrically opposed that more often than not their disputes have paralyzed Muslim governments (embracing Islamic theories) by attacking fiscal policies which have any characteristics of the competing school. This has made it extremely difficult for Muslim nations to foster cohesive economic strategies for guiding their economic and trade development. Massoud Karshenas and M Hashem Pesaran co authored an article entitled, "Economic Reform and the Reconstruction of the Iranian Economy," in which they point out that markets operate most efficiently when they are guided by stable and predictable sets of social and economic rules (Karshenas & Pesaran, 1995, 3). They argue,
Arbitrary and unexpected interventions by the government, which affect the value of the assets of individual agents in the econ
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