oaches (Pollack & Pollack, 1996, p. 521). Under the incremental approach, a complete redesign of the way the company does business is undertaken, but actual changes are implemented on an incremental basis. By the time the implementation is complete, the organization may be completely unrecognizable from its incarnation at the time it was begun, but the process itself takes places over a period of time sufficient enough to allow workers to adapt to the various changes. This is the approach that was used at Mack Trucks where TQM brought considerable benefit through increased productivity and decreased costs over the period when the TQM program was implemented at the organization (Jocou & Nuelle, 1996, p. 54).
The startup approach has the advantage of providing the greatest integration of all components of a TQM system. In this approach, workers are educated as to what to expect and how to interact with the TQM system from the initial phases of the project, with the result that workers
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