s, in the view of civil rights activists, constituted an injustice completely consistent with black-letter Jim Crow and Plessy.
The heart of the reform view, that resolution of segregation in venues of public education would foster resolution in other areas of American social experience, north and south, was articulated by Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey in 1964:
The key to solving the whole range of national problems arising from racial prejudice lies in equality of education. Without educational equality there can be neither equal opportunity in employment nor real equality at the ballot box. To the man lacking the education or training to qualify for most jobs, "fair" employment practices can be hollow benefits indeed. And the right to vote is scarcely a full achievement of the franchise for those not educated to understand the importance of the ballot. In establishing equal educational opportunity, the desegregation and integration of our schools are major and indispensable steps (Humphrey 1).
As matters turned out in the North and West in the
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