d product development; and the use in general of world-class manufacturing policies. With reference to the operation value chain, the most favorable configuration of each phase can differ from the others. With regard to product design and development·both of which are strongly linked to R&D activities·decentralization of the development centers can facilitate access to technology and its development, as decentralization improves the flow of information, improves contacts in border areas, and induces contacts with leaders in the field (Mitchell, 1995, pp. 364-382).
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