Business Management THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ART AND SCIENCE OF

When business management is considered in the context of art versus science, the focus of the consideration is on organizational leadership and management. Some theorists conceive of leadership and management as a unity, and consider this unity to be (1) primarily an art form, (2) primarily a scientific process, or (3) some combination of the two. Others tend to conceive of leadership and management as separate functions, and tend to view leadership as the art, and management as the science. Peter Drucker (1955) conceived of leadership and management as a unity. Drucker (1955, 107) said that leadership "is of the utmost importance. Indeed there is no substitute for it. But leadership cannot be created or promoted. It cannot be taught or learned." Thus, Drucker came down on the side of artthe old saw that "leadership is an art, not a science; a science can be learned but an art cannot," or the even older one that says that "leaders are born, not made."

Bradford Boyd (1988) also conceived of leadership and management as a unity. Bradford (1988, 324) said that leadership is, simply, "getting people to work to achieve the goals of the enterprise. It's giving people something to work for." Boyd appeared to come down on the side of leadership as a science; something that can be taught and learned.

Thomas Peters, and Robert Waterman, Jr. (1982), also

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imarily an art, while the exercise of effective management is primarily a science. 4 REFERENCES Boyd, B. R. ManagementMinded Supervision, 6th ed. New York: McGrawHill Book Company, 1988. Drucker, P. F. The Practice of Management. London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1955. Kotter, J. P. The Leadership Factor. New York: The Free Press, 1988. Peters, T. J., and Waterman, R. H., Jr., In Search of Excel lence. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1982. Zaleznik, A. "Managers and Leaders: Are They Different?" Har vard Business Review, SeptemberOctober 1977, 6778. CENTRAL TENDENCY IN STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS, AND ITS APPLICATION IN MANAGERIAL DECISIONMAKING The basic theoretical principle upon which inferential statistics are based is probability (Levin, 1989). Probability is "a number expressing the likelihood of occurrence of a specific event" (Shao, 1989, 217). For use in inferential statistics, this probability must be statistically independent (Levin, 1989). In statistical applications in business decisionmaking, probability is a function of sampling, as well as of relati
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Approximate Word count = 1955
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)

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