IVAN THE TERRIBLE
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This research paper discusses the regime of Ivan the Terrible (b. 1530-d. 1584) and its effects on Russia. Ivan's strong inclination toward tyrannical rule was at least in part shaped by the intrigue-laden atmosphere in the Kremlin in which he grew up. Nevertheless, during roughly the first decade of his rule, he followed in the footsteps of his grandfather and his father, Grand Dukes Ivan III (1462-1505) and Vasilii III (1505-1533), respectively. He largely pursued policies which expanded the frontiers of the Duchy of Muscovy and strengthened the power of the institutions of the Muscovite state. Thereafter, as a result of his boundless suspicions and growing depravity, his rule degenerated into autocratic and megalomaniacal excesses. He unleashed a reign of terror which peaked in 1564-1572, senselessly prolonged his protracted war against the powers arrayed against Russia on its western frontier, accidentally killed his son and chosen successor, Ivan, and contributed to the occurrence of various other calamities. Ivan left a mixed legacy, a tradition of harsh, centralized but strong rule, and expanding frontiers, on the one hand, and a greatly divided and weakened Russian state, economy and society, on the other, which contributed directly to the succession crises and Time of Troubles which followed his death. The realm which Ivan IV inherited, the Duchy of Muscovy (Moscow), had only recently (in about 1480) thrown off the
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nstantinople to the infidel Ottoman Turks in 1453, Moscow was a Third Rome and Russia the protector of eastern Christendom. He did not, however, brook interference by the Church in affairs of state. In the later more tyrannical phase of his rule, in 1568 he had Metropolitan Philip strangled to death for failing to knuckle under to him.
Ivan recommended that all Russian families observe the hierarchical and paternalistic rules of domestic behavior contained in the Domostroy, a book penned by Sylvester. In 1551, he hosted the Hundred Chapters Council organized by Macarius which attempted to raise the literacy and morality level of the clergy. He inveigled the Church fathers into agreeing that future additions to the Church's extensive landholdings required his consent. He failed in his efforts to confiscate Church land.
4. Military reforms. Dissatisfied with its mediocre performance in battle, the Army underwent substantial reorganization under Ivan. He established a new arm of sharpshooters or musketeers, the streltsy. He introduced the first artillery which proved vital in the Battle of Kazan, as noted below. Ivan III had confiscated lands owned by Novgorod aristocrats and distributed them to soldiers who had aided him in his
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Approximate Word count = 3102
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)
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