ther more like militarized haciendas, pt landed estates, than liberal societies (Thurner 4).
The poor in the Andean lands, then, were at first excluded from the center of power socially and politically, rather than absorbed in any meaningful way. When their anger boiled over, it was put down with force, but in many cases, as in Venezuela and Colombia, such squashing of popular revolts led to associations which included the masses in some way, however minimal. Simon Bolivar "put down the popular uprisings" and then "wisely struck an alliance with 'the hordes'" (Thurner 4). Still, the masses were marginalized, in Thurner's view, far more than included: "Their ambivalent predicament vis-a-vis the Peruvian nation-state was to be separate in their integration, outside in their belonging" (Thurner 19).
Chasteen describes how the desire of the elites to correct the colonial wrongs did not find fulfillment primarily because the old system and its failings carried over into postcolonial rea
...