ding of no significance is that of Ekehammar (1971) who found a gender difference in frequency of white space responses but concluded that the study needed to be replicated using a larger sample size before confidence could fully be placed in the findings.
As for the second study which also examined for a gender effect and did use a larger sample size--a study performed by Konick and Crabbe-Decleve (1971)--gender effects were not found. This fact suggests that there may not really be a gender effect for white space responses. When considered in the light of the fact that the research performed in this study also did not yield an effect for gender, it seems even more likely that it is valid to claim that men and women do not differ in their white space responses to Rorschach cards.
However, before strong confidence can be placed in the notion that gender effects are absent, one further element of this study's findings needs to be considered. It was noted that the study did not yield a
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