calling, a tactic accounting for half of the middle school reports of bullying.
While the author distinguished between arguments or fights (where the parties are equally matched) and bullying, they noted that most commonly boys bullied boys and girls bullied girls. Cross gender bullying was rare. The authors found that there was little correlation in the middle schools between the victim informing the teacher and high rates of bullying, whereas in the secondary schools there was a high correlation between bullying and and the victim informing parents or teachers. This supports the Carnegie report's contention that the middle school ages are the last chance to establish appropriate and civilized behavior in the student. If this is not done, by high school the student is likely to defy the authority that was not exercised earlier.
David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober, writing in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, argue that group dynamics impact evolution (599). While there remains many questions about the validity of spec
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