it is an article of faith that the priestly hierarchy could not teach error and that all Church teachings have the infallible authority of the pope to justify them, and a member of the Roman community of faith must acknowledge Church authority in order to remain in a state of grace within the community. Authority extends to all matters of faith, including interpretation of spiritual tradition and text. Logically speaking, doubt in such matters in such a community is sin and subject to institutional as well as divine sanction, inevitably at the discretion of the institution (Noll & Fallon, 1949). In a memoir, Tillich declares that he has "long been opposed to the most expressly heteronomous religious system, Roman Catholicism . . . [not] against the dogmatic values or liturgical forms in the Roman Catholic system but rather against Catholicism's . . . assertion of a dogmatic authority that is valid even when submission to it is only superficial" (Tillich, 1966, p. 39). For the same reason rejects what he c
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