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Cuban History

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Taken together, Ada Ferrer's Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898, and Alejandro de la Fuente's "Race and Equality in Cuba, 1899-1981," provide a complete picture of one issue essential to Cuban history. Ferrer explores the hopes of nationalists for racial equality as they fought against Spanish colonial rule, while de la Fuente shows how those hopes were only partly realized after independence. As with most political and social movements based on idealism to a certain degree, the Cuban revolution did alter the sociopolitical landscape, but not nearly as significantly as they would have hoped.

Ferrer's book is rooted in the historical archives of Cuba, the United States, and Spain. It gives a full portrait of the importance of race in the movement for Cuban liberation under Spain in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, decades, which saw three wars fought in attempts to throw off the Spanish rulers.

Among the goals of the revolutionaries was the establishment of a society, which did not discriminate against individuals based on their race. De la Fuente, on the other hand, shows that once independence was won, this ideal goal was only partly manifested in post-colonial rule. He seems to argue, in contrast to Ferrer, that there is an inherent element of racism in Cuban culture that exists alongside the desire, goal or value of racial justice and harmony.

Ferrer also argues that the historical record is too often focused on the role of th

. . .
or just, and to pretend that it was effectively steals from Castro his right to claim that he and his government have indeed won some degree of racial equality since the revolution proved victorious in 1959. De la Fuente applies both the integration thesis and the structural approach to his examination of the state of racial relations in Cuba in the twentieth century. For example, examining census reports, de la Fuente finds that "these data do not support assertions of a process of 'racial integration'--in the sense of increasing racial equality--in pre-revolutionary Cuba," with reference to whites, blacks and mulattos (de la Fuente 138-139). In such an historical context, de la Fuente concludes that Castro's Cuba has indeed seen some success in bringing about greater racial integration and equality: Inequality has been greatly reduced--in some areas eliminated--but the indicators we have used come from those very areas where the revolution has been particularly successful: health and education (de la Fuente 161). However, the author notes that other data suggest that inequality--especially as it affects blacks--continue to exist in Cuban society. Therefore, to say that there has been no advance in racial equality would
. . .

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Approximate Word count = 1542
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)

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