Erikson's Psychosocial Model of Development
Developmental theory holds that throughout one's life, the ego (sense of self) changes in response to several psychosocial forces (Sue, Sue & Sue, 1994). One of the most comprehensive models of the challenges and changes associated with ego development throughout the lifespan was constructed by Erik Erikson (1950, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1985).
Since this model served as the conceptual foundation of this study, it is helpful to delineate it. In general, Erikson's psychosocial development model traces personality development across the life span emphasizing societal and cultural influences on the ego at each of eight states.
Each stage involves a turning point or crisis in personality related to a specific major conflict. This conflict is particularly critical at this time of life, although it can, to some degree, remain an issue throughout life.
Successful resolution of each of the eight crises requires reaching a balance between a positive and negative trait with the positive trait predominating to some extent. Also, the successful outcome of each crisis includes the development of a specific virtue associated with the psychosocial issue at that particular stage of development.
The eight psychosocial states described by Erikson (1950, 1964, 1973, 1985) can be delineated as follows:
(1) Psychosocial Crisis 1: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Birth to 12-18 months).
At this first stage, an infant comes to sense whether the world is or is not a good place for people and whether the people and things in it can be relied upon. Psychological health requires that the infant achieve a proper balance of trust (which allows for intimacy) and mistrust (which permits protection). Trust should predominate if the crisis is successfully resolved and if it does, the person will develop what Erikson calls the "virtue of hope" or the belief that one's needs will be met and his/her ...