g a behavioral change (Rose, Eddy, and Glover, 1989, pp. 8 13).
Alcohol is the most widely abuse chemical substance (Sandahl and Ronnberg, 1990, pp. 453 476). The causes of the abuse of controlled substances have been classified into four principal categories of theories (Kaplan and Sadock, 1993, pp. 544 547). These four categories of theories are learning theories (which hold that individuals learn to use chemical substances as a means of coping a use which eventually becomes an addiction), physiological theories (which variously hold that nutritional deficiencies and genetics lead to chemical substance abuse), psychoanalytic theories (which variously hold that childhood experiences, self destructive drives, feelings of inferiority and insecurity, and locus of control orientations lead to chemical substance abuse), and sociological theories (which hold that societal conditions lead some individuals into chemical substance abuse).
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