Piety in Macbeth and the Oresteia
Piety has vari
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Piety has various shades of meaning, including the concepts of being dutiful to orthodox religious beliefs or ôfidelity to natural obligations (as to parents)ö (Merriam-Webster 1999: 880). Comparing ShakespeareÆs and AeschylusÆs take on these ideas is a fascinating exercise. Both were great playrights who plumbed the deepest recesses of the human soul. Their differences are inevitable, separated as they are by more than 2000 years of history, and huge gaps in language, customs, and notions of morality. But they both were ethically aware as few human beings have ever been, and if they did not come up with solutions for the evil that lurks potentially in every human breast, at least they outlined its extent, described it accurately, and suggested more moral alternatives. The idea of piety to ancient beliefs was present in the origins of Greek drama (Gill 2003). Begun as a religious observance in honour of Dionysus, Greek tragedy reflected the central values of the culture that was at its peak of greatness in the short but historically influential reign of Pericles in the 5th century B.C. when Aeschylus wrote the trilogy known as the Oresteia. The Greek drama started as choral singing by performers and audience, with a chorus of fifty people or more who reacted to the speeches of one or two actors. Gradually the chorus received less emphasis. It was Aeschylus who is credited with added a third actor. Wearing masks with open mouths and str
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higenia (by Clytemnestra) to fulfil a prophecy and go attack Troy. Agamemnon is basically about how he returns with the clairvoyant Cassandra and is murdered by his wife for killing Iphigenia. Clytemnestra is justified in her murder by the traditional blood revenge values of the Furies, because ô he had the heart to sacrifice his daughter to bless the warö (Agamemnon lines 222-223). Clytemnestra believes she has acted morally, but the curse of the house of Atreus remains.
To his credit Orestes is not comfortable with the edict of the oracle of Apollo to kill his mother to avenge her killing of his father. But he believes in so doing he is also acting morally, because Apollo has put him up to it. In the Eumenides he is tormented constantly by the Furies for his crime of matricide. The curse is finally lifted when Orestes is absolved by a trial at the Areopagus, based on their interpretation (however sexist) that his father is the more important parent, and the Furies are transformed into more benign Eumenides.
Now let us imaginatively fly through time and space to Elizabethan London, and a completely different context. Here plays were profane, secular entertainments for profit, and the unruly spectators milled around eating
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1280
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)
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