lice" (Powe, 2000, p. 391). GOP Presidential nominee Barry Goldwater alleged during his campaign in 1964 that as a result of Escobedo and other Court decisions, "it is no wonder our law enforcement officers have been demoralized and rendered ineffective in their jobs" (Powe, 2000, p. 391). According to Powe, a 1965 Gallup Poll showed that 48 percent of respondents thought the Supreme Court was too liberal on criminals (p. 395).
Political Influences and Impact of Miranda
The Miranda decision was directly affected by politics in that the swing vote was provided by a Johnson appointee, Abe Fortas. However, the evidence suggests that the primary impulse behind the decision was a growing but by no means unanimous elite consensus in the liberal academic community and among some jurists that the police had too much power over criminal defendants in the early stages of the arrest, custody and interrogation process which the Supreme Court should alter. Law Professors such as Yale Kamisar argued that the Court should go beyond its previous rulings that conf
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