muli produces negative dream content. No alternative hypothesis was stated explicitly in the article. The reader reasonably may infer an alternative hypothesis on the basis of the information presented in this very brief article to the effect that the relationship between pre sleep stimuli and dream content character will be affected by subject gender. No null hypotheses were stated explicitly in the article. The reader may reasonably infer that one null hypothesis is that pre sleep stimuli has no effect on the character of dream content. Further, the reader reasonably may infer that a second null hypothesis is that gender has no effect on the relationship between pre sleep stimuli and the character of the content of subsequent dreams.
IV. The subjects in the study reported in this article were 45 college students. The students were enrolled in introductory psychology classes. The gender split of the subjects was 24 female and 21 male. V. The article does not provide explicit information on how the subject sample was selected. From the information provided in the article, however, the reader reasonably may infer that all of the students enrolled in participating introductory psychology classes were initially involved in the experiment. Those students who were unable to recall their dreams later were excluded from the subject sample. Thus, the subject sample was not selected through the application of scientific procedures, and no attempt was made to introduce randomness into the subject selection process.
VI. The study type of the study reported in the article was experimental in that subjects were exposed to different types of pre sleep stimuli to provide a basis for evaluating subsequent dream content character in relation to the pre sleep stimuli. The study was not truly experimental, however, because individual subjects were not exposed to varying pre sleep stimuli on successive occasions to assess the effects of...