Rate of Infant Mortality Hamilton (1991, 146) d

Hamilton (1991, 146) defines infant mortality as consisting of ". . . the deaths of infants at any time during the first year of life." The vital statistics for infants in the United states during 1987 and as of March, 1988 revealed that 38,300 infants died for both years. This represents a 10 percent rate per 1,000 live births for both years. The infant mortality rate for the 12 months ending with March, 1988 (8.9 deaths per 1,000 population) was three percent higher than the rate of 8.6 for the comparable 12-month period a year earlier. The infant mortality rate for this 12-month period was 10 percent per 1,000 live births, which was three percent lower than the rate of 10.3 for the 12 months ending with March, 1987. The vital statistics for Canada for these years were not available relative to the rate of infant mortality. However, the Centers for Disease Control (Staff, 1992, p. 22) reports that the rate of infant mortality in America is higher than those from the over 20 developed countries, and, thus, Canada's rate of infant death. Soderstrom (1978, p. 226) reports that, for 1921 and 1973, the infant mortality rate for Canada went from 102.1 per 1,000 live births to 15.5 per 1,000. For 1931, the rate was 86.0 per 1,000; for 1941, 61.1; for 1951, 38.5; for 1961, 27.2; and for 1971, 17.5. The neonatal death rate went from 43.4 per 1,000 live births to 10.8 for the same period. For 1931, the rate was 41.5 per 1,000; for 1941, 30.7; for 1951, 22.6; for 1961, 18.0

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e provision of health-related social services to citizens as indicative of social responsibility on the part of government (Stillman, 1983). Following the enactment of the Social Security Act, states began to offer a variety of health-related social services to mother-child residents, ranging from perinatal care to delivery and follow-up care using a sliding-scale health-care fee schedule. The so-called "safety net" that was supposed to have been put in place by the Reagan Administration for individuals falling in the low socioeconomic group is all but absent. As evidence of this, the Long Beach Press Telegram (March, 1991, p. B1) reports that the Latino and African-American populations are increasingly threatened by inadequate access to medical care given decreased funding for government-sponsored health-care programs. Further, the Long Beach Press Telegram (January 9, 1991, p. A3) reports that the Latino and African-American populations suffer from access to health-care programs due to their lack of medical coverage, with their constituting the worst and next-to-worst of any ethnic groups. " . . . poverty, lack of medical insurance for many jobs they hold, and their minority status in health professions often effectively b

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