Philosophical Approaches to Issue of Values
Values are something we talk a goo
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Values are something we talk a good deal about as a general concept, but we do not examine the issue as closely as we might and do not examine the term itself for its meaning, its implications, and its worth. E.M. Adams links the issue of values with culture and with both our assessment of our own and other cultures and with the real value of those cultures. Different philosophical approaches to the issue may find varied aspects of the issue of value and may identify different values as more important and more potent than others, and indeed some may see value as having meaning while others find that it has no meaning. The first need is to define "values," and Allport offers a good working definition by holding that a value is a belief upon which an individual acts by preference. This makes the clarification of values a cognitive act leading to specific and related behavior. Behavior is determined for the individual by what he or she values. Decision-making is governed by values. This is an ongoing process whereby individuals are continually evaluating alternatives and making decisions based on the values they hold and the degree to which the various alternatives open to them fulfill and serve those values. All societies place a high value on the inculcation of values in the young, perpetuating certain cultural norms and thus values from generation to generation. For some, this is the pure definition of education, though it does ignore other basic needs such as cog
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tury and to the works of Dostoyevsky, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche. His philosophy is not collective in the way Marxism is. His view is described as a contemporary form of humanism, with the individual at the center and with a belief in the ability of each individual to shape his or her own existence. Sartre's philosophy was a reaction to the collectivism of both the Communists and the Fascists. He did not center human actions on a political entity such as the fatherland or on a sense of racial identity. Instead, he begins with the human-centered situation of life and rejects the view that defines human essence or being and then tries to determine the purpose and values of human existence from that identity. Sartre asserts that existence is prior to essence and that our condition is what defines human nature rather than the other way round. We do not live by preexisting values and meaning but instead have the responsibility of creating our own, and through the choices we make we determine values for all. For Sartre, man is only what he makes of himself. He calls this the first principle of existentialism, the principle of subjectivity, and the first move for the existentialist is to make every man aware of what he is and th
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Approximate Word count = 3800
Approximate Pages = 15 (250 words per page)
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