and to the policies pursued in the framework of these institutions, as well as with a set of freedoms protected from governmental intrusions and curtailments. Whether it was Immanuel Kant's liberalism based on the concept of moral autonomy, Jeremy Bentham's utilitarian liberalism based on pleasure-pain analysis, or the late-twentieth century variety--"the liberalism of fear"--suggested by Judith Shklar at a time when nineteenth-century ideas of progress seemed hollow and incredible in light of the totalitarian horrors, the essence of democratic military policy remains the protection of individual freedom, the reduction of state power, and the conviction that power is legitimate only if it is based on consent and respects basic freedoms (Layne, 1994, pp. 7-14).
The whole concept of moral values over practical values in security policy was and is, in large part, an expression of revulsion against illegitimate violence that of tyrants at home and of aggressors abroad. Otherwise it would be strictly a practical matter. It held and still holds the belief that the elimination of wars of aggression will result from the spread of liberal democ
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