sts that the decisions through which the state sector is managed represent a defensible if imperfect response to policy problems: "the agenda-setting process, in particular, has been heavily influenced by electoral commitments to improve macroeconomic performance and to contain growth in the public sector, as well as by a growing perception of public bureaucracies as being inefficient." Expertise on NPM is claimed by specialists and scholars in such diverse fields as public management policy, management, agenda-setting, economics, and program operation.
The key characteristics of NPM, as described by Eshima, Katayama, and Ohno (2001), include an orientation toward results, a focus on empowerment and flexibility, an insistence on accountability management by results, and a competitive and market-oriented posture. Additionally, NPM policies are customer-oriented and service-oriented. They seek to improve strategy and policymaking abilities by reorganizing government and interg
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