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the subject date to early Greek civilization. By the mid-seventeenth century, the massive wave of exploration of the New World had yielded sufficient geographic data to allow the Jesuit priest, Athanasius Kircher, to construct a chart of the world along with detailed renditions of smaller regions such as the Atlantic sector. These early charts presented the first interpretations of the world's ocean's vast subtropical gyres. The ocean circulation, however, was deduced from limited data and much of the early informat

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