ment of people between rural and urban areas in South Africa was brought about by an economic system through state interventions which mobilized and controlled the labor force, and made permanent urban settlements impossible for most migrants (Posel). African workers from South Africa's rural areas or Bantustans were not allowed to bring their spouses or families to their place of work. Most labor migrants were men. Chiefs, fathers and husbands were able to restrict the mobility of women and reinforced their roles in rura
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