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In a gross violation of international law, they hit the American gunboat Panay, which was outside the city and crowded with refugees. As the Japanese neared Nanking, mass confusion reigned in large part due to contradictory Nationalist retreat orders pursuant to which many thousands of troops escaped but more than 90,000 Nationalist soldiers remained trapped inside the city. As they took control of Nanking on December 12, 1937, Japanese troop

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