the second link was an inner psychological condition. The third link was a specific behavior. While complete, accurate, and independent information concerning the second link would permit prediction of the third link behavior without recourse to the first link, such information simply is not available. Thus, in the management of behavior, which included the motivation of individuals within organizational environments, it is necessary to emphasize the relationship between the first and third links actions on an organism from without, and the organism's response behaviors (Skinner, 1953, p. 36).
In acting on an organism from without, Skinner (1953, p. 73) theorized that the reinforcement actions could be either positive or negative. Thus, depending upon the situation and upon the desired behavior, an appropriate stimulus might be either the introduction of a factor into an organism's environment a positive reinforcement, or the withdrawal of a factor from an organism's environment a negative reinforcement. Skinner (1953, p.
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