ered as one explanation for this phenomenon.
Test Anxiety and Academic Performance
Pintrich and de Groot (1990, pp. 33-40) found that test anxiety was one of the best predictors of academic performance among high school students. Higher levels of test anxiety were associated with lower levels of academic performance. A major methodological limitation associated with the findings of Pintrich and de Groot (1990, pp. 33-40) however, is the reliance on self-reporting by student subjects. Objective measures of neither test anxiety nor academic performance were used in the study.
Smith, Michael, and Hocevar (1990, pp. 265-280) examined the effects of test anxiety on the academic performance of high school students in three performance contexts--verbal, figural, and mathematical. Subjects were divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental subjects were provided with test-taking instructions that were designed to induce higher levels of test anxiety, while control sub
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