ishment was rather lenient because these activities never interfered with his formal studies and because much of the college administration was also sympathetic to reform. Thus Kemal graduated and was sent to the Staff College, which he completed in 1905; he was then commissioned as a captain.
In 1908, the Sultan was forced to share power with, and was ultimately overthrown by, the Committee of Union and Progress (C.U.P.), also known as the "Young Turks." Kemal had been a part of a parallel reform group which had been absorbed into the C.U.P. and was only a small player in the 1908 revolution. The popular hero of this revolution was a young officer named Enver, who eventually became one of Mustafa's primary antagonists during the First World War. Although the C.U.P. re-established the Constitution and began the modernization (or westernization) of Turkey, it clung to the Ottoman Empire. Kemal, on the other hand, gradually came to view the Empire as obsolete and even harmful to the interests of Turkey. His criticisms became so vocal that the gov
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