e procedure con flicts with the cognitive perspectives of decision makers (Schwenk, 1988).
Leadership style will vary between the extremes of task and relationships orientations, between authoritarian leader ship and participative management, and between directive leadership and group decision making. The manager or adminis trator who is completely task oriented will likely make change implementation decisions which are geared to getting the job done. Such decisions will tend to concentrate on the economic use of material and human resources, regardless of socio psy chological impact such decisions may have on the individual members of an organization. Conversely, the leader who is com pletely relationships oriented will likely make decisions which, while they avoid organizational conflict development, 3will often immobilize the organization from an economic per spective. The most successful administrators and managers give consideration to both economic and social factors in decision making. The balance between these two sets of values will vary between organizations, and will vary within organizations over time. This balance depends upon the prevailing situation at any particular point in time. Much of the contemporary research in decision making theory and practice emphasizes the complex and often conflicting value structures which must be incorporated into decision making approaches (Cray, Mallory, Butler, Hickson, & Wilson, 1988).
The practice of decision making in American organizations is far from standard. Decision making practices range from the outmoded directive decision making behavior to a full embracing of the concept of participative decision making. The most effective decision making behavior for organizations will include participation by organizational subordinates in the process, while, at the same time, preserving the ultimate responsibility and authority of the leader.
Skjei (1983, p. 47) defi...