ionships without well defined temporal orders. For the most part, theorists have moved away from stages and toward relationships. Thus, most models do not require that a society enter into and complete a predetermined developmental condition. One stage model has been developed, however, that also addresses relationships, and which, if properly applied, provides for both cross sectional and cross temporal analysis. This model is the crises of development model. The five crises of development in this model are (1) penetration; (2) participation; (3) identity; (4) legitimacy; and (5) distribution.
1A. G. Frank, "The Development of Underdevelopment," In C. K. Wilber, (Ed.), The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, 3rd ed. (New York: Random House, 1989), 103.
2I. Adelman, and C. T. Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries, 3rd ed. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1986), 22.
3K. Griffin, "Underdevelopment in Theory," In C. K. Wilber, (Ed.), The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, 3rd ed. (New York: Random House, 1989), 23 33.
A major problem associated with the examination of a political/economic system is that such systems do not exist in a vacuum they are embedded in, and closely related to, many other activities in a society. It is, thus, more profitable to analyze the process of development as a system of interrelated activities, as opposed to a piecemeal analysis of the components of the development, for the process of development, as is true of a functioning system, is an integral part of the society within which it occurs.
Models of development must be just that models. They may provide a general framework within which the development process within a specific country may be understood. Further, a political/economic system is expected to change over time, because the environments in which people live change over time.
Models o...