Leadership in the Soviet Union & Japan INTRODUCTION The research examines and c

As indicated in the introductory remarks, the Soviet Union and Japan are the countries examined in this research. Brief descriptions of these states are provided in this section.

Japan is an Asian island nation, whose 122 million inhabitants occupy four major islands and a number of smaller islands (Paxton, 1989). As a political entity, the country dates back to about 500 B.C. (Paxton, 1989).

The Japanese population is remarkably homogeneous in an ethnic context. Ethnic Japanese account for 99.5 percent of the country's citizens, while most of the remaining onehalf of onepercent are ethnic Koreans. Approximately 885 thousand foreigners reside in Japan, while approximately 498 thousand Japanese citizens reside outside of the country (Paxton, 1989).

2Adjusting for these residence patterns still leaves the resident population of Japan 98.4 percent ethnically Japanese.

Japan, in the lastquarter of the twentieth century, is "the most thoroughly unified and culturally homegeneous large bloc of people in the . . . world, with the possible exception of the North Chinese" (Reischauer, 1981, 34), where the population is almost

. . .
The Russian language is an official language throughout the Soviet Union. National languages are widely used in the constituent republics and autonomous regions, however, and, since the advent of perestroika, several of these national languages have acquired some degree of official status within the relevant areas of the country. With the creation of the Soviet Union, the Russian Orthodox Church was disestablished (Paxton, 1989). While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Soviet constitution, in practice, the government effectively repressed religious activity throughout much of the country prior to the advent of perestroika. Under perestroika, religious freedom is becoming a reality in the Soviet Union. In the heavily Roman Catholic Blatic republics and Armenia in the south, and in the Islamic republics of the southeast, religious practice remained much stronger than it did in the Russian republic. Religious strife between Moslem and nonMoslems is a significant problem in the southeast, and Roman Catholicism is used to buttress nationalism in the Baltic republics. 7 ASSESSING LEADERSHIP REQUIREMENTS The "need to give direction to government is universal and persisting. Every country . . . must maintain pol
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