Various U.S. History Questions Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth: Andrew

Andrew Carnegie was the symbol of the American self-made man in the late 1800s, who had risen from an impoverished Scottish immigrant to be one of the wealthiest men in America. In his 1889 book, The Gospel of Wealth, he laid out his theory of the responsibilities of the rich to devote the bulk of their wealth to public service. (If they didn't, however, they would only suffer public embarrassment.) Carnegie rejected traditional charities on the grounds that they only encouraged the poor to be "lazy," but encouraged building parks, museums, libraries, and the like û which, in fact, would often serve mainly the middle class.

Founded in 1887 by Henry Bowers, this was a leading anti-Catholic secret society. It was closely tied in its heyday to the Masonic order, which often included the most influential people in many communities, and its secret ceremonies were modeled on Masonic rituals. Because so many immigrants came from largely Catholic countries, anti-Catholic sentiment was closely associated to anti-immigrant sentiment. Members of the American Protective Association swore a secret oath not only to oppose the Catholic Church, but to discriminate against Catholics in employment, and oppose any Catholic candidate for public office.

This was the first Congressional action to limit immigration to the United States by particular ethnic groups. It forbade Chin

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n of workers, its main effect was to lead to regulation of sanitary conditions in the industry. He later ran for governor of California, and was defeated after an opposition media campaign in which the Hollywood studios were heavily involved. "Bank Holiday": A temporary suspension of banking activity, imposed by Franklin D. Roosevelt shortly after taking office in 1933. As the Depression deepened, "runs" on banks developed, with depositors rushing to withdraw their money in case the bank collapsed, as many had. An attempt at mass withdrawals would cause almost any bank to fail, since banks do not keep most deposits in their vaults, but lend them out. The purpose of the "bank holiday" was to break the cycle of panic, thus preventing the total collapse of the banking system and the obliteration of savings. Wagner Act, 1935: Officially named the National Labor Relations Act, this was one of the major achievements of the New Deal, establishing the right of workers to form and join labor unions. This was the first full recognition by Congress of the right to organize unions. Union membership surged as the legal barriers to unionization were removed and management harassment restricted. Labor disputes went before the Nat
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